Implications of second-order wave generation for physical modelling of force and run-up on a vertical wall using wave groups

Experiments are contaminated by second-order error waves at sub- and super-harmonic frequencies when first-order wave generation is used. Herein, we investigate experiment the implications of theory for dynamic force run-up on a vertical wall in shallow to intermediate water depth (k0d=0.5?1.1). Results short-duration experiments using focused groups generated according first- compared. We isolate linear, sub-, contributions combinations inverted group time series filtering. derive theoretical predictions narrow-banded interacting with use this calculate depth-integrated wall, which show close agreement measured data. Comparisons reveal that sub-harmonic increasingly important depth, increasing up 67% 75% k0d=0.6 compared case correct (second-order) relatively short flume.